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The Enzyme Treatment of Cancer, by John Beard
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In 1902, the scientist John Beard, at the time Professor at the University of Edinburgh, proposed that the pancreatic enzyme trypsin represents the body's primary defense against cancer and would be useful as a cancer treatment. Despite his documentation and reputation - he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1906 for his work in embryology - most cancer experts rejected Beard's thesis outright. However, a number of physicians concluded that Beard might be right, and employed pancreatic enzymes in the treatment of patients diagnosed with advanced cancer, often with remarkable results as reported in the conventional scientific literature. These successes provoked a heated debate about the therapy that lasted right through the first decade of the 20th century. In 1911 Beard published The Enzyme Treatment of Cancer and Its Scientific Basis, outlining his hypothesis, his decades of research and the compelling results. Though published to some very positive reviews, the book was soon forgotten as the scientific community enthusiastically latched on to Madame Curie's claim that radiation represented a simple non-toxic cure for cancer. It would be years before scientists realized radiation cured few cancers and was quite toxic - Madame Curie herself died as a result of her exposure to uranium - but by that time, Beard was dead and forgotten. Though in his lifetime the scientific community never embraced his ideas about cancer - he died in relative obscurity in 1924 - in recent years, evidence from molecular biology and stem cell research increasingly confirms many of Dr. Beard's fundamental precepts. In 2010, nearly 100 years since publication of this book, it is time Beard's work be reread. With billions of dollars spent in recent decades on cancer research with only slight success, Beard's thesis warrants a thorough reconsideration.
- Sales Rank: #194335 in Books
- Published on: 2009
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: .0" h x .0" w x .0" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 320 pages
Most helpful customer reviews
56 of 57 people found the following review helpful.
"The Enzyme Treatment of Cancer" book review
By J.R.
After publishing (1) "The Trophoblast and the Origins of Cancer" in 2009 and (2) "One Man Alone" in 2010, Dr. Nicholas Gonzalez has now reprinted Dr. John Beard's 1911 book, "The Enzyme Treatment of Cancer" and Its Scientific Basis. Except for a foreword by Dr. Gonzalez, this book is a scanned pristine reproduction of the original font, footnotes and format.
Since this book has always been difficult to access, even with a vigorous search in the U.S. and Europe, the reprint could be a watershed event for a number of reasons.
* A recent library database search of medical libraries revealed only 18 copies of the original printing of the book in the entire world, including 9 copies in North America (none in Texas). The Library of Congress has finally put their copy on microfilm.
* Despite the billions and billions of dollars spent on cancer research and according to the New York Times, adjusting for the size and age of the population, cancer death rates dropped only 5 percent form 1950 to 2005. The status quo is not effective.
* Beard's research and recommended enzyme treatment have never been systematically explored or refuted at any important center for cancer study, or if so, the results have never been published.
* In the 2 books mentioned above, both are based on a fundamental alignment with Beard's research and the treatment of cancer with pancreatic enzymes. The progeny warrant attention and the Grail should not be far behind.
While the nature of the book is medical, the flow of information is not very difficult for the layman. Of particular interest are the "before and after" photographs starting at Page 208 of a patient treated with Beard's protocol by the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1909. The sarcoma cancer of the upper left jaw had returned after each of two surgeries. After treatment with pancreatic enzymes there was no sign of malignant growth.
Dr. John Beard was not alone.
* Ernst von Leyden, head of the Official Cancer Research of the German Empire endorsed the remedies recommended by Beard.
* In 1907 Dr. C.W. Saleeby published the "Conquest of Cancer" as a precursor to Beard's book and strongly supported Beard.
* The Saleeby book was published in New York and in a very favorable review on January 4, 1908 the New York Times quoted Saleeby as saying "There is abundant warrant for the belief that the new mode of attack indicated and initiated by Dr. John Beard gives us the key to the enemy's position".
* Dr. John Beard was nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1906.
The new dimension that has been added to the mix is the "availability" of the book. Tipping Points have been achieved with far less significance than this.
38 of 39 people found the following review helpful.
THE ENZYME TREATMENT OF CANCER AND ITS SCIENTIFIC BASIS
By PaP, Ph.D.
The author, John Beard, was a great British scientist who I think should have received a Nobel Prize for his work with cancer. That very important work that should have changed the directions of cancer research and treatment, instead was in his time deliberately maligned, distorted, and suppressed. Hence the great importance of this 2010 edition of Beard's only book, THE ENZYME TREATMENT OF CANCER AND ITS SCIENTIFIC BASIS.
Beard received a Ph.D. in 1884 from the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg in Breisgau (with major in zoology and minors in physics and botany) and subsequently a D.Sc. from Owens College (now the University of Manchester). In Europe, Britain, and New York, he did extensive field work that included collecting specimens and preparing numerous slides of embryonic development that he meticulously studied throughout his life. In 1890 he became Lecturer in Comparative Embryology and in Anatomy of Vertebrates, University of Edinburgh, and later also Lecturer in Cytology. He was nominated for the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for:
"The discovery of the existence in lower vertebrates of an independent nervous system which arises and is functional during earlier embryonic stages, the discovery of the true nature of the thymus gland, demonstration of the direct morphological continuity of the germ cells of vertebrate animals."
Beard's book was published in London in 1911, and the present edition is the first reprint in almost one-hundred years. It contains an added foreword by Nicholas J. Gonzalez, M.D., who gives some useful background on Beard's life and work. Gonzalez also touches on some modern scientific discoveries (including stem cells, cancer stem cells, and the developing pre-placental trophoblast as the ideal model for cancer) that are essentially rediscoveries of some of the hypotheses of Beard. (These hypotheses are presented in detail in Beard's book and in expanded detail in the context of today's scientific "re-discoveries" in the excellent 2009 book by Gonzalez and Isaacs, THE TROPHOBLAST AND THE ORIGINS OF CANCER.) Gonzalez has brought new life to Beard's enzyme therapy through his own research into and work with pancreatic enzymes. Moreover, Drs. Gonzalez and Isaacs in private practice in New York City are successfully treating cancer patients using pancreatic enzymes.
As a Ph.D. scientist, I found Beard's book fascinating and moving. His insights and discoveries are amazing. They are well documented with scientific observations, experiments, and references from the peer-reviewed literature, including reprints of some of his own articles. He also reports details of cancer cases healed through the enzyme therapy, including clear photos for one case. The physical aspects of this 2010 edition make for an unusually easy-to-read book, and Beard's writing style is very interesting. Many supporting scientific references Beard gives are publications in German journals, now not easy to access; more details of some of these German works are given in chapter XV of THE CONQUEST OF CANCER: A PLAN OF CAMPAIGN (1907) by Caleb Williams Saleeby. Saleeby's pro-Beard book also gives some details of the enzyme therapy, as well as insight into some of the contemporary controversy and events surrounding it.
Beard's enzyme therapy likely was understood by his critics to be a clear threat to surgery/surgeons and to the new radiation technologies. Saleeby's 1907 predecessor book had been extremely critical of the surgical treatment of cancer, including statements, such as, ". . . very nearly the whole of the surgical treatment of cancer, as it is actually practiced today, is illegitimate and should be suspended" (p. 134). And Beard's 1911 book followed with statements like, "The pancreatic ferments . . . when directed scientifically against the living cells of cancer or sarcoma, are infinitely more potent than the knife of any surgeon!" (p. 121) ". . . [Surgery] may quite well have induced it [cancer], as the X rays have often done" (p. 5). Compare the conclusion of major critic and surgeon, William Seaman Bainbridge, in his 1914 book, THE CANCER PROBLEM (p. 276): ". . . in the present state of knowledge, surgery offers the only dependable hope of cure. Other measures may be employed, but only as adjuvant agents."
War needs well-trained surgeons. And between and after war, heroes returning home need to practice their skills in gainful employment--often at times of economic collapse. In an atmosphere of growing German militarism, Beard presented his enzyme therapy between Britain's Second Boer War (1899-1902) and World War I (August, 1914 to November, 1918 armistice). In his famous speech on November 23, 1918, Prime Minister Lloyd George identified "the task" of Britons to be "to make Britain a fit country for heroes to live in." The elimination of surgery as the primary approach to cancer might be considered not only unpatriotically adverse to the lives of heroic medical men, but also dangerous to the economy and to national defense/survival.
In response to the enzyme treatment's early successes, some cancer researchers/surgeons turned their efforts to discrediting it. They published negative conclusions but omitted (and failed to make available for review) specific scientific descriptions of their works and evidences in support of their conclusions, including (1) reports of "enzyme trials" done by surgeon, William Seaman Bainbridge, at the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital and (2) announcements by soon-to-be King of Britain of "official proof" of the "uselessness and dangers" of Beard's enzyme treatment, based on never-published experiments done through the Imperial Cancer Research Fund under support of the British Monarchy. (Toward the end of World War I, King George V also "officially degreed" the German name of the British monarchy, Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha, to be non-Germanic "Windsor.")
For some details of the negative British campaign against the enzyme therapy, see "Chapter XX: The Powers That Be" of Saleeby's 1907 book. In the USA, Bainbridge appears to have led the attacks. He joined the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital in 1904, and the first project of its Research Department became Bainbridge's "trial" or "Trypsin Test." Bainbridge claimed it showed "the miserable failure of the [enzyme] treatment," a "useful" showing that resulted in substantial financial gain to his Research Department. In his own words:
"The final recognition of the useful object fulfilled by the "Trypsin Test," made it possible, financially, to launch the Research Department on a really creditable basis. At the present time six Research Fellows are giving their services, in full or in part, to the work, with fair remuneration." [p. 30, Bainbridge's THE CANCER PROBLEM]
One purpose of Beard's 1911 book appears to have been to document major fallacies in the trials and experiments of his critics, including major problems with the enzymes used. Beard seems to me to have done an excellent job of this, especially raising problems with Bainbridge's "trials." After reading and re-reading Beard's book, I was left wondering, "Why then did Beard's work/book not change the directions of cancer research and treatment?" Some possible answers, I believe, may center around Bainbridge.
Unfortunately, part of Bainbridge's answer to Beard's enzyme therapy and 1911 book appears to have been his book of over-five-hundred-pages, THE CANCER PROBLEM (first published in October, 1914), identifying itself as a "book of ready reference . . . a summary of knowledge concerning [cancer]" for all interested in health. A major purpose of Bainbridge's book, however, appears to have been to bury Beard's enzyme treatment and its scientific basis into "the dead past" (p. 237). Its title is exactly that of Beard's first published paper describing his enzyme therapy, "The Problem of Cancer" - summary of a university lecture ("The Lancet," Feb. 4, 1905; repeated in his 1911 book as chapter of same title), which was derived from a paper he read before the Edinburgh Pathological Club on December 13, 1904.
Brainbridge's book includes a chapter on strategy for public cancer education for which he actually favors censorship, concealment, and control of information by the medical profession, writing:
"When once the medical profession has determined upon a strictly practical fund of information; when doctors agree to confine theoretical matters to their own society meetings, leaving all unsettled questions out of public discussion, whether in lectures or articles for publication, then the campaign of education may be conducted upon a rational and useful basis." [p. 449]
"Non-medical professional" and scientist Beard was well aware that censorship and concealment had been applied to his cancer work, stating in his 1911 book: "The critics have, by common consent, been silent all along concerning the scientific grounds of the enzyme treatment of cancer." [p. 212]
Bainbridge's book, THE CANCER PROBLEM, clearly intended to malign and conceal Beard's work. The book completely omits any description of Beard's actual enzyme treatment or any information on its substantial scientific bases. The book includes a section entitled, "The Enzyme Treatment," in its "quack" chapter entitled "The Investigation of 'Cancer Cures'." There Brainbridge gives general descriptions and summary conclusions of his own "trial" and of the "experiments" of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund. Bainbridge's claims of Beard's involvement with his "trials" are, according to Beard, totally false. Bainbridge includes a chapter on cancer theories, with a subsection "Biological Theories," but it contains no reference to or mention of Beard or his theories (strongly biologically based). In its "quack" chapter and the "quack" section of its bibliography, it gives the only references to Beard's book. With two exceptions, it fails to reference any of Beard's numerous publications in peer-reviewed journals but instead lists all Bainbridge's anti-enzyme-therapy publications. It also omits reference to any of the many physician-published cases of successfully enzyme-treated cancer cases and to published independent scientific verifications of some of Beard's hypotheses. It does include two 1903 titles (in German) of Beard's publications in German journals in its "General Bibliography," perhaps to further prejudice readers against Beard (Germany was then waging World War I in Europe).
Bainbridge's THE CANCER PROBLEM was met with positive reviews and was subsequently translated into several languages. Apparently it achieved its goals, including that of burying Beard's enzyme treatment and its scientific basis into "the dead past."
To better understand the actions and mindset of Bainbridge against Beard's work, it is helpful to consider both his upbringing (see "A Prophet's Reward: Dynamics of Religious Exchange," written by his grandson) and his affiliations and history with the military. Peruse his (as Lieutenant Commander, Medical Corps, U.S. Naval Reserve Force) 1918 REPORT ON MEDICAL AND SURGICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF THE WAR, issued by the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery of the US Department of the Navy in January, 1919.
"This report comprises [Bainbridge's] observations [while traveling] on the western front and in England during December, 1917, and the first six months of 1918, made pursuant to the instructions of the Surgeon General, United States Navy. . . . [and] certain data obtained while in Germany during the autumn of 1915." [p. VII]
Bainbridge's goals included "[t]o secure anything likely to be . . . helpful in the preparation of medical men and hospital corpsmen for active service." [p. VII] He concluded:
"After going from hospital to hospital and station to station . . ., it becomes convincingly apparent that the obtaining of satisfactory results depends far more upon the surgeon himself than upon the agent which he employs. The lesson to be learned . . . is that those who are to be given charge of this surgical work should have first, a thorough knowledge of surgery, second, sufficient experience to give them an adequate technique, and third, the necessary judgment to select and employ such of these methods or agents as seem best for the particular case at the given time." [pp. 1-2]
Regarding conditions in Germany late in 1915, he wrote:
"The ambulance and hospital organization at that time was extremely efficient. All had been made ready, and there was indubitable evidence that for years they had clearly foreseen and provided for what was coming." [p.44]
While in Germany Bainbridge also learned of some confidential information regarding Germany's intentions if it were to lose the war. After that loss became reality, the 1919 Treaty of Versailles severely punished Germany for World War I and almost guaranteed another war. Bainbridge knew the Allies needed to "provide for what was coming"--World War II--with a well-trained arsenal of surgeons.
According to his grandson, Ph.D. sociologist and director of Human-Centered Computing at the National Science Foundation, William Sims Bainbridge, in his essay "A Prophet's Reward: Dynamics of Religious Exchange, " . . . he [William Seaman Bainbridge] mercilessly exploited his international fame to boost his New York practice. At the height of his career, he employed a man full-time to arrange publicity and distribute his more than 100 publications."
Beard died in 1924, but Bainbridge continued his very influential and widely acclaimed works until his death in 1947. Hopefully Gonzalez' edition of Beard's only book, THE ENZYME TREATMENT OF CANCER AND ITS SCIENTIFIC BASIS, will help bring proper credit to Beard for his original scientific work and will inspire other scientists to research it objectively and in further depth.
25 of 25 people found the following review helpful.
THE ENZYME TREATMENT OF CANCER AND ITS SCIENTIFIC BASIS
By SantaFeSid
"The Enzyme Treatment of Cancer..." by John Beard, D.Sc. .
This reprint, by Dr. Nicholas J. Gonzalez, of Dr. John Beard's "The Enzyme Treatment of Cancer And Its Scientific Basis" originally published in 1911 in London by Chatto & Windus completes a trio of publications relating to Dr. Beard's body of work that sets forth his discovery of the enzyme treatment of cancer. The other two volumes of this trio consists of Drs. Gonzalez's and Isaacs' "The Trophoblast and the Origins of Cancer" (2009), and "One Man Alone (2010) by Dr. Gonzalez. The timing of the reprint is just in time to recognize and celebrate the 100th anniversary, 2011,of the original publication of Dr. Beard's extraordinary scientific hypothesis for the enzyme treatment of cancer.
For the first time non-technical reader, I highly recommend a thorough reading of Dr. Beard's Preface, pages v-xvi, and Dr. Gonzalez's Foreword, pages xxi-xxxvi, as an initial introductory investigation into just what it is that Dr. Beard wants to convey to us about his remarkable discovery. Dr. Gonzalez's Foreword sets the stage in an admirable way for a more detailed perusal for a later and more thorough read. Especially instructive is Dr. Gonzalez's discussions that bring Dr. Beard's discoveries into the world of modern molecular biology. A noteworthy quote from page xxxiv illustrates this point:
"I believe Beard was the first scientist in history to identify in his vagrant germ cells what we today call adult stem cells, the subject of intense current research efforts. These primitive undifferentiated stem cells are found in all our tissues, where they serve as a source of replacements for cells lost due to normal turnover, injury, disease, or aging. Discovered-perhaps rediscovered is the right word-by McCullough in the 1960s, scientists in recent years have proposed that adult stem cells, and not the mature differentiated cells of our organs, if stimulated into uncontrolled growth, might actually be the basic cell of cancer. Such thinking thus brings Beard's concepts right smack into the hottest area of contemporary medical research, that of stem cell biology."
The above quote gets to the heart of the matter in a lucid and faithful account of Dr. Beard's major discovery, and also does an outstanding job of placing Beard's views on cancer germ cells in the wider context of modern molecular biological research.
Though Dr. Beard was nominated, but did not receive a Nobel Prize in 1906, the recognition alone certainly places him in the pantheon of embryological researchers. Unfortunately, he has remained relatively unknown among biomedical professionals. However, with the reprint of "The Enzyme Treatment..." and the recent publication of "One Man Alone", and "The Trophoblast..." perhaps due recognition will finally be bestowed on Dr. Beard's brilliant scientific career.
Santafesid
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